Sabtu, 26 April 2014

1 SAUSSURE : LANGUAGE AS A SOCIAL FACT

By the end of the nineteenth century – It seemed that  everything looked  good at the time, and some still remain cogent today- the eqution of the languags with biology had largely been abandoned. This created a difficulty of understanding the languag e as an academic discipline: If the language is not the living species, in what  sense are they “thing” can be studied? The man n the street is quite happily that French as something which can be learned, which possesses certain attributes and in some cases, it is same or similar to English but in other cases, it is different; but if  French is a thing , it is a very odd thing. It obviously is not a concrete object like table or even like the strecth of land called France. You can not see or hear the French language. You can hear Gaston the waiter saying "pas si bete ...": you can see a line of printed letters on a sheet of newspaper "Le Monde"; but how can we interpret a thing called French lying behind the thousands of concrete phenomena which can be observed as in the two earlier examples? What sort of language could it be? The biological paradigm shows the relationship between the speech and language of France such as a particular carrot and the species  carrot as well : and untill the biological paradigm had been rejected, this statement seemed satisfying - although one could see or eat carrots, one appreciated that it made sense to talk about the species carrot and to discuss, say, its genetic relationship with the species parnsip. But, the first time, the biology had fallen by the wayside; secondly, one had thought about that paradigm can not offer  a complete answer to the problem under discussion anyway. In biology, because species are abstractions, at least individuals of species are concrete, few things are more tangible than a carrot. But the linguistic analogue of biological is a idiolect; and this is almost, if not fully, as much of an abtraction as in the wider concept of language. We can not hear Gaston’s idiolect  as an entity; we can only hear examples of that idiolect – the comments which he said if he saw a tip that we left, and the example of that idiolect has no parallel in biology. So although it is not regarded as a particular problem by linguists of the nineteenth century, the question "How does it make sense to postulate entities called language or dialect underlying the tangible reality of particular utterances? Remained open during that period. The man who answered it that can satisfy his contemporaries and continues to satisfy many people today, was the Swiss scholar : Ferdinand de Saussure.
Mongin Ferdinand de Saussure, his full name, was born in Geneva in 1857, son of Huguenot family which moved from Lorraine during the French religious wars of the late sixteenth century. Although nowdays one thinks of Saussure first and foremost as the scholar who defined the notion synchronic linguistics – the study of language as systems existing at a given point in time, as opposed to the historical linguistics (to distinguish it, Saussure called diachronic linguistics)which had seemed to his contemporaries the only possible approach to the subject - in his own lifetime this was not meant to make him famous. Saussure was trained as an ancient linguists, and became successful in the early age published a book Memoire sur lesysteme primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-europeennes (1878). The book was published a few weeks after his twenty-first birthday : When he was a student in Germany. The book is one of the landmark in reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European language. Saussure letured at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes in Paris from 1881 to 1891, before he returned to teach in Geneva, all of his publications, and almost his teaching, throughout his work with historical linguistics rather than synchronic linguistics, with in-depth analysis of the various Indo-European languages ​​rather than with the general theory which makes it famous now.

In fact, although Saussure produce his work on the theory of general linguistics at about 1890 (Koerner, 1973: 29), he seemed reluctant to give it to someone else, and the story of how his ideas can go into publishing is a strange story. In late 1906 he was asked to take over responsibility in giving lectures on general linguistics and comparative history and languages ​​of the Indo-European from a scholar who has quit his service for 30 years; Saussure taught the material on the rest of her student days and on the lectures in 1908-1909 and in 1910-1911. In the first years , Saussure limit at only about historical matters ; but when he gave the two years he was also a brief introduction to post a synchronic linguistics , and the third lecture , the entire semester is used to provide synchronous linguistic theory . Shortly afterward he died , without a chance to publish any material that theory . Some people have been asked to publish , but he always answered that for preparing lecture materials very time-consuming , but two of his colleagues , Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye decided on a new fabric of the student lecture notes together with notes Saussure left college . The book they produced is called Cours de linguistique gererale ( Saussure 1916) is a medium that can be used by scholars in the world to understand the ideas of Saussure , Saussure and since this document is known as the father of twentieth -century linguist.

Senin, 25 November 2013

0 ROYAL WEDDING (Pengajaran Bahasa Inggris Berbantuan Komputer/Tugas3/Anggun Sarasanti/4SA04/19610468

Since the arrival of television, Royal weddings have attracted enormous public attention, with millions of people all over the world watching in addition to the invited guests. Various venues have been used for Royal weddings over the last century. Since 1904, most members of the Royal Family have chosen to be married in London. The Chapel Royal in St. James's Palace was a popular setting for marriage during the reign of Queen Victoria. She married her husband, Prince Albert, in the Chapel Royal on 10 February 1840.* Their eldest daughter, Victoria, was also married there in 1858.*

Westminster Abbey became a popular venue for Royal weddings when Princess Patricia of Connaught chose it for her marriage to the Honourable Alexander Ramsay in 1919.** It was the first time for 650 years that the Abbey had been used for a Royal wedding. Westminster Abbey was also chosen for the marriage of King George V's daughter (Mary, Princess Royal) to Viscount Lascelles (later Earl of Harewood) in February 1922. It was later the setting for the weddings of two of the King's sons: Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI) to Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) in April 1923, and Prince George, Duke of Kent, to Princess Marina of Greece in November 1934. Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, was due to marry Lady Alice Montagu-Douglas-Scott in Westminster Abbey. Because of the sudden death of the bride's father, the Duke of Buccleuch, they were married instead in the private chapel at Buckingham Palace in November 1935.***

Westminster Abbey was also the scene of the weddings of The Queen (as Princess Elizabeth) and The Duke of Edinburgh on 20 November 1947; Princess Margaret and Mr. Antony Armstrong-Jones (later Earl of Snowdon) on 6 May 1960; Princess Alexandra and the Hon. Angus Ogilvy (later Sir Angus) on 24 April 1963; Princess Anne (now The Princess Royal) and Captain Mark Phillips on 14 November 1973; and Prince Andrew (now The Duke of York) and Miss Sarah Ferguson on 23 July 1986. On 29 April 2011 Prince William married Miss Catherine Middleton in Westminster Abbey. The Prince of Wales, by contrast, married Lady Diana Spencer in St. Paul's Cathedral on 29 July 1981.

During the nineteenth century, St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, was a popular venue for Royal weddings. Probably the grandest wedding to take place in the chapel was in 1863, when The Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) and Princess Alexandra of Denmark (later Queen Alexandra) were married there. The ceremony was witnessed by Queen Victoria from the Catherine of Aragon closet, as she was in mourning for her husband, Prince Albert. Many of Queen Victoria's other children also married in St. George's Chapel, including Princess Helena, Princess Louise, Prince Arthur and Prince Leopold. More recently, Prince Edward (now The Earl of Wessex) married Miss Sophie Rhys-Jones in St. George's Chapel on 19 June 1999 in a traditional service attended by 560 guests. The marriage of The Prince of Wales to Mrs. Camilla Parker Bowles was dedicated in St. George's Chapel following a civil ceremony in Windsor's Guildhall on 9 April 2005.

Expalanation :
=>    Using Preposition of Time. ( in and on )
©      Preposition in is used for :
·         years ( in 1858 , in 1863 )
·         months ( in January , in February )
·         parts of the day ( in the morning , in the afternoon)
·         seasons ( in spring , in summer )
©      Preposition on is used for :
·         days of the week ( on Thursday , on Friday )
·         dates ( on 10 February 1840 , on 9 April )
·         parts of the day ( on Monday morning , on Friday night )
**  =>  Using Complex Sentence
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In this complex sentence, subjects are in blue, verbs are in green, and the subordinators are in pink.
·         Westminster Abbey became a popular venue for Royal weddings when Princess Patricia of Connaught chose it for her marriage to the Honourable Alexander Ramsay in 1919.
*** => Using Passive Voice
. . . they were married instead in the private chapel at Buckingham Palace in November 1935.
Passive voice verbs are used when the subject is being acted upon in a sentence. Form of the passive voice: Subject + the appropriate form of to be + Past Participle (V3)
The appropriate form of to be = to be is put in the tense of the active voice main verb.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
ü  The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
ü  The form of the verb is the appropriate form of to be (the tense of the active voice main verb) + the past participle.
ü  The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped.)


Sabtu, 02 November 2013

18 An Article about Noun Clause

Noun Clause

Many people are fairly comfortable with the idea of nouns, but they might not feel so confident when it comes to the idea of a noun clause. Noun clauses come in a variety of forms; and learning about each form is the best way to understand the concept of noun clauses.

Purpose of a Noun Clause
Noun clauses can be used in a number of ways, and they serve different purposes. First and foremost, please recognize that these clauses are dependent clauses. A dependent clause is one that cannot stand by itself. If a dependent clause is placed alone, it forms a fragment, not a sentence. An independent clause can act as a sentence by itself, but dependent clauses cannot.

Subject of a Verb

A noun clause can act as a subject of a verb, and we will break down what that means after a couple of examples. This clause is acting as the subject of a verb is present in:

What Alicia said made her friends cry.
What Megan wrote surprised her family.
What the man did was not very polite.
When there's a verb in the sentence, you must find the subject. Therefore, in the first we can ask "What made?" and the answer is "What Alicia said." Therefore, "What Alicia said" is the subject of that verb. In the next case, we can ask "What surprised?" and the answer is "What Megan wrote." Do you now see how a noun clause can act as a subject of a verb?

Object of a Verb

In the same vein, noun clauses can also act as the object of a verb:

She didn't know that the directions were wrong.
He didn't realize that the stove was off.
They now understand that you should not cheat on a test.
Once again, we can use the method of questioning to demonstrate how the noun clause is being used. What didn't she know? What didn't he realize? And what do they now understand? The answer in all three cases is the noun clause!

Subject Complement

Let's pick up the pace a little bit, and let's see if you can figure out how these noun clauses are actually answers to questions within the sentence.

Carlie's problem was that she didn't do the wash.
Harry's crowning achievement was his 4.0 GPA.
Darla's television was a 60 inch screen.
Once again, do you see what questions these noun clauses answer and how they relate to the subject? What was Carlie's problem? What was Harry's crowning achievement? What was Darla's television? Without these clauses, the sentences would not be complete thoughts grammaticaly, nor would they sound complete at all.

Object of a Preposition

Noun clauses also act as objects of a preposition.

Harry is not the provider of what Margie needs.
Josephine is not resposible for what Alex decided to do.
Allie is the owner of that blue car.
Once again, Harry is not the provider of what? Josephine is not responsible for what? Allie is the owner of what?

Adjective Complement

Last but not least, a noun clause can also act as an adjective complement.

The group is happy that Meg returned home.
The child is sad that his stomach hurts.
The family is excited that they bought a new house.
One more time with feeling: Why is the group happy? Why is the child sad? Why is the family excited?

Selecting a Type of Noun Clause
Using noun clauses in everyday speech is a fairly common practice, as noun clauses add often crucial information to sentences. However, learning to differentiate between the various types can be difficult.

If you're in a position where you have to decide which form the noun clause is taking, consider the options carefully, and consult a grammar guide if you need additional assistance.

source: http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/nouns/noun-clause.html

Minggu, 13 Oktober 2013

0 Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Berbantuan Komputer (Softskill)

Anggun Sarasanti / 4Sa04 / 19610468 Universitas Gunadarma

Selasa, 21 Mei 2013

0 Invitation Letter


The President
Andola Copy Center
123 Masito Lane, Queens,
New York, USA. 1111111



Dear Sir,

Andola Copy Center is one of the major contributors to the community of Queens New York, and we are happy to be doing business with you. I am delighted to inform you that ARUN group has started another venture under the name “TINY TOT  Day Care Center” within the Queens community.

As you are aware that ARUN group has always believed in serving its clients, customers, and other stakeholders with the best of services, the main focus of the daycare would be to provide the much need care and training for the little children in the community while their parents are busy with work. With our new facility we will be able to provide care to 100 new kids from 6 months to 5 years of age.

The opening of our day care center is scheduled for Thursday, May 23, 2013 at 11:00 am. The event will be attended by our close business friends, company members and few parents who have already enrolled their children in our first batch.
We would be extremely grateful if you can make it to the occasion and be a part of our celebration. Kindly inform us of your decision as soon as possible.

 

Your faithfully

   Anggun Sarasanti

Anggun Sarasanti
  Vice President
  ARUN GROUP
 

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